![]() Perhaps her abhorrence of Austria for its cruel occupation of Italy put her off seeing anything favorable about Vienna. However, she had heard nothing of this breakthrough, and her opinion of the Vienna General Hospital was negative, both for its nursing (poor) and immoral conduct (but not by doctors). He was still in Vienna when Nightingale visited the city in June 1850. Ignaz Semmelweis made his great discovery about handwashing reducing maternal deaths at the Vienna General Hospital in 1847–1848. What became her full-length book, Notes on Hospitals, began as a pair of papers in 1858, published in 1859 with additional material, all before her Notes on Nursing ( 1860). The members of both commissions became long-term allies of Nightingale in getting reforms implemented post-Crimea.On her return from the war, Nightingale first worked on what was wrong with the hospitals, before she turned to getting nurse training started. Scurvy and frostbite were common before this was done soldiers arrived at hospital in vermin-infested clothing, blackened feet from frostbite, and weak from scurvy. Both British commissions made concerted improvements: (1) The Sanitary Commission cleaned up the hospitals, their adjacent graveyards, water supply, sewage and drains, and nonfunctioning toilets (bowel diseases were widespread), and (2) the Supply Commission cleaned up the camps, provided huts for shelter (instead of thin tents), brought in warm clothing, and improved nutrition. The Crimean War permitted, in effect, a controlled experiment in healthcare: The British government sent out commissions, led by expert civilians with power to act, not merely report, while the French sent out no commissions and made no changes. ![]() Yet their death rates rose in the second year, although there was no fighting. They had lower death rates than the British in the first year of the war-they were the instigators of the war, sent more troops, sent nurses (nuns) from the start, and were better prepared-they even had transportation for the sick and wounded, which the British did not ( Figure 2). However, the French made no such changes. ![]() The Commission’s changes were effective and mortality began to fall, even to meet that of soldiers in peacetime barracks in London, which she depicted in a chart in her report ( Figure 1). All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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